Cole Crops

Last updated on September 20, 2024

To prevent crop injury do not apply in temperatures over 32°C.
Do not enter treated area for 48 hours.

Cole crops

Growing cole crops

For Asian Cole Crops, check out Specialty Vegetables.

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Varieties (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower)

Broccoli

Fresh market

Greenbelt (trial), Emerald City (fall harvest), Patron, General (early), Denali, Diplomat, Ironman and Imperial.

Process market

Greenbelt, Arcadia, Decathlon (trial), Emerald City (fall harvest), Patriot (fall harvest).

Brussels sprouts

Fresh market

Early

Oliver, Brilliant, Confident.

Mid

Vancouver, Brigitte, Cummulus.

Mid/Late

Lunet.

Process market

Brigitte (mechanical harvesting), Vancouver (mechanical harvesting), Lunet, Cummulus.

Cabbage

Green

Early

Parel, Balbro, Surprise, Farao, BC63.

Mid-season

Castello, Charmant, Bronco, Fast Vantage.

Late (storage)

Bartolo, Loughton, Shelton.

Red

Ruby Perfection, Sombrero, Rona, Primero, Lectro.

Savoy

Clarissa, Wirosa, Famosa, Ermosa, Melissa.

Cauliflower

Fresh market

Early

Ravella, Venus.

Mid-season

Ravella, Fremont, Cumberland, Phoenix, Concert.

Late

Ravella, Shasta, Fremont, Absolute, Artica

Process market

Shasta, Artica.

Overwintering

See end of Cole Crops section.

Seed and seed-bed treatments

Use seed treated with Thiram seed protectant. Hot-water seed treatment is a safeguard against seed-borne diseases such as black rot, blackleg and Alternaria leaf spot.

For control of Pythium damping off, use seed treated with Apron XL LS seed protectant. For control of damping off caused by Pythium spp., Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp., use seed treated with Apron MAXX RTA.

When seedlings are to be grown in a seed-bed for production of transplants, choose a site where cole crops have not been grown before or fumigate prior to seeding with:

Vapam at 550 to 900 L/ha (220 to 360 L/acre).

To help prevent damping-off, wire stem and downy mildew, the young seedlings should also be drenched, using 1,000 to 2,000 L/ha (400 to 800 L/acre) of water every 5 to 7 days with Bravo 500 at 2.5 to 4.8 L/ha (1 to 1.9 L/acre).

For more information on seed-bed treatments, use the Cole Crops Disease Management section of this page.

Seeding

Seed in a greenhouse for an early crop, in a cold frame for a less early crop, and in outdoor seed-beds or directly in the field when the weather is warm enough for germination and growth (above 10°C). In each case, seed 4 to 6 weeks ahead of when the plants are wanted for transplanting.

Greenhouse

Seed directly into styrofoam or plastic plug trays or blocks of a growing medium. The smaller the cell the lower the cost per plant, but the more demanding the management requirements.

Temperatures should be maintained above 7°C at night and below 30°C during the day. Seven days before transplanting start the hardening off process (see Transplanting section of this page).

Follow the same process in a cold frame, or seed directly into the soil after it has been limed, fertilized and fumigated as for outdoor seed-beds.

Seed-beds

Locate seed-beds in an open, well-drained area free of clubroot. Soil test prior to planting. Fertilize according to soil test recommendations. Fumigate prior to seeding if the area has been planted to cole crops in the past. To learn more, see the Vegetable Production Guide: Planting (PDF).

Caution: For spring fumigation and planting, fertilize with nitrate sources of nitrogen (calcium nitrate) rather than ammonia based fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea).

100M (100,000) seeds will provide enough seedlings to plant about 2 ha (5 acres) at a field spacing of 45 X 95 cm. Traditionally, a push-drill with a scatter shoe is used to drop 20 seeds every 25 cm in rows spaced 25 – 30 cm apart. Alternatively, use a precision seeder with a 3-line shoe to deliver a similar plant population. This will provide better seed placement and more uniform, stronger transplants.

Fields

For direct-seeding, soil should be of fine tilth, free of trash, firm and level. If a Stanhay seeder is used, seed must be size graded. Seed requirement is about 0.6 to 1.2 kg/ha (0.25 to 0.5 kg/acre) depending on spacing. Depth of seeding should be 12 mm under most conditions. To learn more, see the "Precision Seeding of Vegetable" section of the Vegetable Production Guide: Planting (PDF).

Direct-seeded plants mature about 2 weeks earlier than plants sown at the same time in seed-beds.

Transplanting

Transplant 30 to 50 days after seeding (depending on growing temperature) when plants are 15 cm high, have 6 to 8 true leaves and have been hardened off.

Seedlings from a greenhouse or cold frame require hardening off more than those from outdoor seed-beds. Five to seven days prior to transplanting, reduce the number of waterings but water thoroughly each time. Provide more ventilation, and where practical move seedlings onto a trailer which can be left out during the day and pulled under cover for the night. The seedlings should not be allowed to wilt.

For outdoor seed-bed plants, thoroughly water the plants prior to pulling or loosen by undercutting so they will come out easily when pulled with minimal root breakage. Discard seedlings that are weak or have blackened stems (wirestem).

Set plants slightly deeper in the field especially if the plants are large. Irrigate before and after planting if weather is hot and soil is dry. Add a starter solution if the weather is cold.

Spacing

Factors such as variety, equipment, market (fresh vs. processing) and time of planting will determine the spacing used. The following spacings are common:

Common spacing of cole crops
Crop	Between Rows	Within Row
Brussel sprouts, cauliflower	90 - 100 cm	35 - 45 cm
Cabbage, broccoli	75 - 90 cm	25 - 40 cm

On mineral soils, cabbage and broccoli are often grown in a 3-row bed on 1.8 m centres with plants 30 to 40 cm apart in the row. On Cloverdale mucks, early cabbage is grown on 4-row raised beds on 1.7 to 1.8 m centres with 40 cm between plants in the row.

Broccoli is also often grown in a high density double-row arrangement for production of small centre heads for the fresh market. Double-rows are spaced 30 cm apart with pairs of rows on 60 – 70 cm centres, plants 25 – 30 cm within the row.

Fertilizer

A soil test is necessary to determine phosphate and potash requirements. Use the Vegetable Production Guide: Nutrient Management (PDF) for recommendations based on soil test results.

If a mineral soil pH is below 6.2 or an organic soil is below 5.5, lime should be applied. (See also the Clubroot section of this page).

Broadcast and disc in, or band at time of seeding or transplanting, 75 kg/ha (30 kg/acre) nitrogen, all of the phosphate and potash.

On sandy soils, or where magnesium is deficient, add: Sul-Po-Mag at 170 to 225 kg/ha (68 to 90 kg/acre)

In addition, for both direct-seeded and transplanted crops, side-dress 45 to 110 kg/ha (18 to 44 kg/acre) of nitrogen at time of last cultivation. Use the higher rate for broccoli and cauliflower and the lower rate for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. At the higher rates, particularly on light, sandy soils, two applications should be made 2 to 3 weeks apart.

These crops are heavy users of boron. Soil should be tested for boron and if necessary it should be added to the main fertilizer mix. See the "Boron" section in the Vegetable Production Guide: Nutrient Management (PDF) to learn more.

Harvesting

Broccoli

Cut the centre heads (crowns) with 12 - 15 cm of stem attached while the buds are still green and tight. Under favourable conditions, side shoots are then harvested with 15 - 20 cm stalks for bunching over a period of several weeks. However, the side shoots never produce as heavily as the crowns and the market for them is limited. For a continuous supply of crowns for the fresh market, seed and/or transplant every 2 to 3 weeks from early spring until mid-July.

Cauliflower

Maintaining the white colour of the cauliflower curd (known as blanching) is critical to harvesting a premium product. Some cultivars with large wrapper leaves are self-blanching under favourable growing conditions. However, there are times when the curds must be protected against the sun for the final 5 to 10 days prior to harvest. This can be done by breaking leaves over the curd or tying leaves together with elastic bands. Different coloured elastics can be used to indicate which heads are ready to harvest next.

Brussels sprouts

Begin harvesting early sprouts for the fresh market as soon as the lower ones are mature. This will allow the upper sprouts to continue enlarging for later harvest. For once-over harvest of the late crop, pinch out the growing point when bottom sprouts are about 2 cm in diameter to encourage uniform size and maturity of the sprouts. De-leaf the plants just prior to harvest.

Over-wintered cauliflower (coastal areas only)

Varieties

Only winter-hardy varieties should be grown for harvesting in March to May. The crop should survive the winter an average of four out of five years. Contact seed company reps for up-to-date varieties. The earliest varieties tend to produce small, marginal quality heads. Generally, yield and quality improve with later varieties.

Soils

Over-wintered cauliflower must be grown on well-drained soils and must not be subjected to high water tables or flooding at any time.

Protection

In Abbotsford, over-wintered cauliflower has tolerated temperatures as low as -19°C if covered with snow. Crops in the Fraser Valley have survived temperatures of -14°C without snow cover. The crop should be grown in a sheltered location as strong, cold, dry winds can do more damage than low temperatures alone. Windbreaks are commonly used in Europe. Ridging is highly recommended as it protects against wind whipping and promotes good drainage around the plants.

Seeding and transplanting

Over-wintered cauliflower is highly sensitive to date of seeding. If seeded too soon, plants may become too large in the fall and be too tender to survive the winter. If seeded too late, plants may be too small going into winter and may produce only small, unmarketable heads in spring. The optimum date for direct-seeding is mid-July. Soil blocks or containerized transplants should be seeded in mid-July for transplanting in mid-August. Outdoor seedbeds should be started the first week of July for transplanting in early August. Use of transplants often results in better stand establishment as field conditions in mid-July may not be ideal for direct-seeding.

Fertilizers

At planting time, fertilize as for summer cauliflower. Following a crop which was heavily fertilized, little or no initial fertilizer may be necessary.

Avoid too much nitrogen in the fall, but a heavy side-dressing with nitrogen is recommended when plants begin to leaf out in February. Nitrogen up to 300 kg/ha (120 kg/acre) may be applied in a split application on a 14 day interval.

Weed, insect and disease control

Follow recommendations outlined elsewhere on this page. In most cases, insects are not a problem in the spring.

Integrated pest management (IPM)

Cole crops are susceptible to severe losses from many pests. IPM practices can assist growers in harvesting crops free of pest contamination and damage while minimizing the number and cost of pesticide applications. Commercial monitoring services are available in the Fraser Valley.

Refer to the Vegetable Production Guide: Pest Management (PDF, 1.2 MB) for information on general IPM principles. In addition, for cole crops, practice the following as part of the IPM program:

Ensure crops are healthy through good soil and crop management. This will result in less weed, insect and disease pressure.
Rotate crops to reduce the buildup of diseases, herbicide-resistant weeds and insect pests.
Control weeds (particularly those in the mustard family) that can act as hosts of insects and diseases in and around the field.
After a field is harvested it should be disced under and seeded to a cover crop to limit pest and weed reservoirs.
Fields should be thoroughly scouted at least once per week to check for pests.
At the seedling or transplant stage, preventive sprays must be applied for root maggots. Once the crop is established it can tolerate some feeding damage from caterpillars or aphids. Sprays may not be necessary during this period unless insect pressure is severe. Products such as Dipel will reduce caterpillar levels without killing beneficial insects.

When the marketable portion of the crop begins to form (heads/sprouts), scouting must be very thorough, and if pests are detected, sprays must be applied without delay to prevent damage and/or contamination of marketable portions.

For further information on IPM in cole crops, Contact Us or a commercial monitoring service.

Cole crop weed management

Cole crop weed control is very difficult because of the limited selection of registered herbicides and the many aggressive weeds (mustards, shepherd’s purse, galinsoga, nightshade). Growers must practice overall farm weed control, as outlined in the "Weed Management" section of the Vegetable Production Guide: Pest Management (PDF, 1.2 MB).

Transplanted crops are easier than direct-seeded crops to keep weed-free because they are quicker to establish. In addition to the herbicides listed in the tables below, effective, timely cultivation is critical in preventing weed losses.

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Pre-plant incorporation

Pre-plant incorporation: herbicide application rates
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Bonanza 480 (trifluralin) Group 3	1.25 to 2.3 L/ha (500 to 900mL/acre) Apply in a minimum of 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water at 275 kPa	N/A	Registered on direct-seeded cabbage or cauliflower, or transplants of cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and brussels sprouts. Rates vary with soil types see label for details. Some stunting or reduced stands may occur to direct-seeded crops. Apply treatment from 3 weeks before planting and incorporate thoroughly within 24 hours to 8 to 10 cm deep. Controls seedling grasses and some broadleaved weeds. Lady’s-thumb, nightshades, groundsel, hairy galinsoga, cudweed, shepherd’s-purse and mustards are not controlled. Use the lowest rate on sandy soil, the higher rate on heavier soils. Effectiveness is reduced on cold, wet soils or on mineral soils with less than 2% or greater than 15% organic matter. Applications at high rates late in the season may carry-over and damage following crops of corn, grass or grain. If manure is spread prior to application ensure it has been thoroughly mixed into soil with at least 2 tillage operations prior to application. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Goal 2XL (oxyfluorfen) Group 14	Coarse-textured soil (<1% O.M.): 1.13 L/ha (460 mL/acre) Medium to fine textured soils (>1% O.M.): 2.0 L/ha (810 mL/acre) Apply in 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) of water	60	Registered on transplanted cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli. Not registered on Brussels sprouts. Do not apply to direct-seeded crops. Pre-emergence control of redroot pigweed and common purslane. Pre-emergence suppression only of lady's thumb and Eastern nightshade. Do not apply more than once per year. Do not apply to sandy soil. Use on muck soils may result in partial control or suppression of listed weeds. Apply after completion of soil preparation but prior to transplanting. Transplanting should be completed with minimal soil disturbance. Leave treated surfaces undisturbed after transplanting during the time period for which weed control is desired. Timely cultivation after weed emergence will assist in weed control. Can cause temporary leaf cupping or crinkling. Severity of crop response can be enhanced if crop leaves come in direct contact with treated soil. Avoid using young, extremely succulent transplants in containers less than 2.5 cm² in size. Check label for more detail. Do not apply if an acetanide herbicide such as Dual II Magnum has been applied during the current growing season. Do not apply post-transplant or post-emergence (over the top) of crop. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Devrinol 50-DF (napropamide) Group 15	2.25 to 4.5 kg/ha (0.9 to 1.8 kg/acre) Apply in 200 to 900 L/ha (80 to 365 L/acre) of water	60	Apply once per year. Apply before planting and incorporate as for trifluralin above. Will control many seedling broadleaf and grassy weeds, but not shepherd’s-purse or lady’s-thumb. Use the lower rate on light soils (sands and sandy-loams). Do not apply to soils with over 10% organic matter. Use at the high label rates may result in temporary crop stunting, but crops will outgrow injury and yield is unaffected. Observe a 12 month plant back interval for crops not found on the label. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Devrinol 2-XT (napropamide) Group 15	4.69 to 9.38 L/ha (1.90 to 3.80 L/acre) Apply in 200 to 900 L/ha (80 to 365 L/acre) of water	60	Apply once per year. Apply before planting and incorporate as for trifluralin above. Will control many seedling broadleaf and grassy weeds, but not shepherd’s-purse or lady’s-thumb. Use the lower rate on light soils (sands and sandy-loams). Do not apply to soils with over 10% organic matter. Use at the high label rates may result in temporary crop stunting, but crops will outgrow injury and yield is unaffected. Observe a 12 month plant back interval for crops not found on the label. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.

*PHI = Pre-harvest interval
BUFFERS – Refer to product label for buffer requirements, and consult the Vegetable Production Guide: Pesticide Regulations and Safety (PDF).
PESTICIDE GROUP DETAILS – see the Vegetable Production Guide: Pesticide Toxicity Table (PDF).

Early pre-plant (spring application)

Early pre-plant (spring application): herbicide application rates
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Authority 480 (sulfentrazone) Group 14	0.292 L/ha (0.118 L/acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water at 175 kPa	N/A	Apply as a broadcast or banded treatment to the harvested crop stubble in the spring up to 72 hours prior to transplanting. When applied as a banded treatment, see label to calculate rate and volume, and apply only once per year. Authority 480 requires adequate rainfall or irrigation to activate. Do not mechanically incorporate after application. Do not use on coarse-textured soils classified as sand that have less than 1% organic matter. Do not use on fine-textured soils with less than 1.5% organic matter. Do not apply on soils with an organic matter content greater than 6%. Do not use on soils with a pH of 7.8 or greater. Do not apply Do not enter treated area for 12 hours. Observe a plantback interval of 24 months for sweet corn and 16 months for winter wheat. Controls redroot pigweed, lamb's quarters, Eastern black nightshade and common groundsel.

Pre-emergence

Pre-emergence: herbicide application rates
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Prowl H₂O (pendimethalin) Group 3	Mineral soils: 2.46 L/ha (1 L/acre) Apply in 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) of water at 138 to 276 kPa	Broccoli: 60 Cabbage & Cauli: 70	Do not use on muck soils. Controls green foxtail and redroot pigweed. Suppression only for lamb's-quarters. Destroy existing weeds before applying. Apply at the 2 to 4 leaf stage for both direct-seeded and transplanted crops. Be sure roots of transplants are established before application. Apply as a directed spray to the soil surface between vegetable rows prior to emergence of crop and weeds. Avoid direct spray with foliage or stems of crop. Rain or irrigation within 7 days of application improves control. Do not apply more than once per season. Do not apply more than once in 2 consecutive years. Do not tank mix with Chateau. In the event of a crop failure after application, corn and snap beans may be reseeded the same year. See label for planting directions. Field corn and dry bulb onions can be grown as rotational crops the year following treatment. Do not plant fall seeded crops such as winter wheat, winter barley, winter rapeseed on land treated the previous spring. Do not enter treated area for 24 hours.
Chateau (flumioxazin) Group 14	Coarse and medium-textured soils with <5% organic matter: 210 g/ha (85 g/acre)	N/A	Registered on tranplanted broccoli only. Controls redroot pigweed, green pigweed, common ragweed, lamb’s quarter, nightshade and dandelion. Suppression only of green foxtail. Apply to with hooded or shielded equipment to row middles prior to transplanting. Do not apply after transplanting Apply ½ cm of water prior to transplanting if rainfall does not occur between application and transplanting in order to activate Chateau. Control will be reduced if there is mechanical incorporation into soil or if emerged weeds are cultivated. Crop should be grown on raised beds or plastic mulched beds that are 10 cm higher than the treated middle row. Mulched beds must be at least 60 cm wide. The spray must remain between the raised beds with minimal contact with plastic mulch. The spray must contact no more than the bottom 2.5 cm of the raised bed. Do not apply to soils with >5% organic matter or fine-textured mineral soils. Do not apply more that 210 g/ha (85 g/acre) in a season.
Devrinol 50-DF (napropamide) Group 15	2.25 to 4.5 kg/ha (0.9 to 1.8 kg/acre) Apply in 200 to 900 L/ha (80 to 365 L/acre) of water	60	Apply only once per year. Apply to a clean, moist field after seeding or transplanting, but before weed emergence. On dry soils, light rain or irrigation within 2 days is essential. Will control many seedling broadleaf and grassy weeds, but not shepherd’s-purse or lady’s-thumb. Use the lower rate on light soils, sands and sandy-loams). Do not apply to soils with over 10% organic matter. Use at the high label rates may result in temporary crop stunting, but crops will outgrow injury and yield is unaffected. Observe a 12 month plant back interval for crops not found on the label. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Devrinol 2-XT (napropamide) Group 15	4.69 to 9.38 L/ha (1.90 to 3.80 L/acre) Apply in 200 to 900 L/ha (80 to 365 L/acre) of water	60	Apply only once per year. Apply to a clean, moist field after seeding or transplanting, but before weed emergence. On dry soils, light rain or irrigation within 2 days is essential. Will control many seedling broadleaf and grassy weeds, but not shepherd’s-purse or lady’s-thumb. Use the lower rate on light soils, sands and sandy-loams). Do not apply to soils with over 10% organic matter. Use at the high label rates may result in temporary crop stunting, but crops will outgrow injury and yield is unaffected. Observe a 12 month plant back interval for crops not found on the label. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Dual II Magnum (s-metolachlor) Group 15	1.25 to 1.75 L/ha (500 to 700 mL/acre) Apply in 300 L/ha (120 L/acre) of water	N/A	Registered on transplanted cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli only. Controls annual grasses and nightshade, and to suppress pigweed. Cannot be used on seeded cole crops. Apply within 2 days of transplanting. Do not incorporate. Do not apply to soils with less than 1% or more than 10% organic matter. Do not make more than 1 application per year. Do not tank mix with fluid fertilizers, oils, oil concentrates or surfactants. Rain is required within 10 days of application, or a shallow cultivation. Only one application per year is permitted. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Frontier Max (dimethenamid -P) Group 15	756 to 963 mL/ha (306 to 390 mL/acre) Apply using 200 to 300 kPa spray pressure.	60	Registered on transplanted cabbage only. Apply to the soil as a single pre-transplant treatment before weeds emerge. Controls annual grass weeds and certain broadleaf weeds. If crop failure occurs, do not replant potato, dry bulb shallots or onions until the following year. On mineral soils, observe a plantback interval (PBI) for 100 days for cereals other than corn and 11 months for all other crops not listed. On muck soils, observe a PBI of 11 months for carrots, transplanted celery and onions. See label PBI precautions for other crops grown on muck soils. Do not enter treated area for 24 hours.

Post-emergence

Post-emergence: herbicide application rates
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Venture L (fluazifop-P-butyl) Group 1	Barnyard Grass (2–5 leaf): 0.8 L/ha (320 mL/acre) Proso Millet (2–5 leaf): 1.0 L/ha (400 mL/acre) Foxtails (2–4 leaf): 1.4 L/ha (565 mL/acre) Quackgrass (3–5 leaf): 2.0 L/ha (0.8 L/acre)	40	Annual bluegrass and broadleaved weeds are not controlled. Do not make more than 1 application per season. Apply in 50 to 200 L/ha (20 to 80 L/acre) water at 200 to 300 kPa. Apply using 425 kPa pressure for dense weed infestations or dense crop canopies. Warning: Women capable of bearing children should avoid exposure to Venture. Do not handle more than 50 kg a.i. (400 L product) per day. Use a closed cab when applying more than 33 kg a.i. (264 L product) per day. Observe a plantback interval of 12 months for crops not listed. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Poast Ultra (sethoxydim) Group 1 Note: No longer produced	Annual grasses (incl. volunteer cereals): 320 mL/ha (130 mL/ac) Annual grasses & quackgrass suppression: 470 mL/ha (190 mL/ac) Quackgrass: 1.1 L/ha (445 mL/ac)	70	The maximum rate on broccoli is 450 mL/ha (182 mL/acre). Do not make more than one application per season on Brussels sprouts. For control of annual grasses and quackgrass suppression, add Merge adjuvant using a rate of 0.5 - 1.0 L/ha (0.2 - 0.4 L/ac). For control of quackgrass, add Merge adjuvant using a rate of 1.0 - 2.0 l/ha (0.4 - 0.8 L/ac). Apply in 50 to 200 L/ha (20 to 80 L/acre) of water. Apply when annual weeds are in the 1 to 6 leaf stage and when quackgrass is in the 1–3 leaf stage. Does not control annual bluegrass. Pressure varies with water volume see label for detail. Observe a 30 day plantback interval on crops not listed. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Excel Super (fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) Group 1	670 mL/ha (270 mL/acre) Apply in at least 110 L/ha (45 L/acre) of water at 275 kPa	Broccoli: 44 Cabbage: 35 Cauliflower: 43	Do not use on Brussels sprouts. Apply between the 1 to 6 leaf stage of weedy grasses. Controls foxtails, barnyard grass, crabgrass, fall panicum, proso millet and old witch grass. Does not control quackgrass, sedges or perennial grasses. Do not apply any other pesticides or chemicals 4 days before or after applying Excel Super.
Lontrel XC (clopyralid) Group 4	0.34 L/ha (140 mL/ac) Apply in 300 L/ha (120 L/ac) of water at 200 to 275 kPa	30	Registered on transplanted cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and Brussel sprouts. Apply post-planting one time per year. Do not use in the greenhouse. Controls Canada thistle, scentless chamomile, wild buckwheat, perennial sow thistle (top growth), common groundsel. Suppression only for sheep sorrel. Apply when annual weeds are young and actively growing. Treat Canada thistle before the purple bud stage. Residues of Lontrel can remain in the soil the following year of use, thereby affecting growth of sensitive crops. See label for Sensitive Crops section. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Aim EC (carfentrazone-ethyl) Group 14	37 to 117 mL/ha (15 to 47 mL/acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water	1	Controls annual weeds. Must be applied using hooded sprayers to weeds between the rows of the emerged crop. Use an adjuvant such as Agral 90 or Agral-Surf at 0.25% v/v (0.25 L/100 L of spray solution) or Merge at 1% v/v (1 L/100 L of spray solution). PRECAUTION: crop injury will occur when spray drift is allowed to come in contact with green stem tissue or leaves. Apply only once per growing season.

Cole crop insect management

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Swede midge

This pest is not currently known to occur in British Columbia. It is, however, present in eastern cole crop growing regions of N. America. Symptoms include galling on seedlings and transplants, swollen or twisted stalks and stems, crinkled leaves, scarring, blind heads and multi-headed plants.

Damage can create entry points for disease. Symptoms can be confused with nutrient deficiency, herbicide damage, seed variability, bolting caused by heat stress or buttoning caused by frost damage.

Broccoli, gai lan and brussels sprouts sustain the worst damage, but Swede midge can infest any brassicae plants including rutabagas, canola, ornamentals and weeds. Check suspect damage for presence of maggots within the plant tissue.

Surveillance of B.C. cole crops is currently underway. Please report any suspect damage to your local B.C. Ministry of Agriculture office, or Contact Us directly. Swede midge can be prevented from entering B.C. by:

Ensuring transplants are pest-free
Employing good field sanitation practices

Root maggots

The adult is a gray fly, half the size of a housefly, which lays white eggs at the base of plants. Legless white maggots hatch and tunnel roots causing rotting of the roots and wilting of the plant. This pest is especially destructive in seed-beds and to young plants after setting in field.

Control

Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower - greenhouse transplants

Transplant drench

Apply Verimark (Registration # 30892) using the rate of 35 to 54 mL in 2 L of water per 1000 plants as a transplant tray drench before transplanting into the field.

Ensure the level of moisture in soil or potting media is at optimal field capacity before treating.
If possible, discontinue watering 24 hours before treatment.
Apply as a broadcast, low pressure, coarse, high volume spray to ensure product reaches the root zone but does not run off through the bottom of the tray.
If necessary, make a second pass with fresh water at 2 L per 1000 plants before the spray solution has dried to wash treatment solution from foliage into the soil.
Allow tray to dry before transporting to the field for transplanting, and do not handle trays for a minimum of 12 hours after application without PPE.
Do not make more than 1 application per year.
Do not make a sequential application of Verimark as an in-furrow treatment.
Do not apply earlier than 72 hours prior to planting in the field.
Do not make a subsequent foliar application of any group 28 insecticide within 60 days following a tray drench application of Verimark.

OR:

Apply Entrust SC (Registration # 30382) using the rate of 25 mL in 2 L of water per 1000 plants as a drench before transplanting.

Immediately after applying, apply 2 L of water per 1000 plants to rinse the product off the plants and into the soil. Do not rinse the product out of the transplant medium.
Make one application per year.
Entrust SC is OMRI-Canada listed, and is used in organics. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation.
Do not re-enter treated area for 24 hours after applying.

OR:

Apply Success (Registration # 26835) using the rate of 12.5 mL in 2 L of water per 1000 plants as a drench before transplanting.

Immediately after applying, apply 2 L of water per 1000 plants to rinse the product off the plants and into the soil. Do not rinse the product out of the transplant medium.
Make one application per year.
Do not re-enter for 3 days for hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, topping, thinning or tying activities. For all other activities do not re-enter treated area for 24 hours after applying.

Soil treatment for control of root maggot

Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Scorpio Ant and Insect Bait (spinosad) Group 5	25 to 50 kg/ha (10.1 to 20.2 kg/acre)	3	Suppression only of larvae. Apply using a spreader suitable for granulars or by hand. Make a broadcast application on the soil near the base of the seedlings directly after transplanting or 5 to 7 days after seeding, or as soon as seed germinates. Reapply after heavy rain or watering or as the bait is consumed, or every 4 weeks. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Works better when soil is moist but with little or no standing water. Do not place bait in piles. Toxic to bees and certain beneficials.
Verimark (cyantraniliprole) Group 28	10 to 15 mL per 100 m of row	N/A	Apply as an in-furrow spray in the transplant water at the time of transplanting. Do not apply as an in-furrow treatment if Verimark was applied as a transplant tray drench. Check label for rate conversion table for L/ha rates for different row spacings. Adjust the pH of the spray tank to approximately 4 to 6 using a commercially available acidifier. See label for directions. Do not make more than 1 soil application per season. Do not apply more than 1.7 L/ha (690 mL/ac) per year. Do not make a subsequent foliar application of a group 28 insecticide for a minimum of 60 days following an in-furrow application of Verimark. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for legume vegetables, cereals and grass. Observe a plantback interval of 1 year for crops not on this label. Do no re-enter treated area for 12 hours.

Product

Rate

PHI*

Comments

Scorpio Ant and Insect Bait

(spinosad)

Group 5

25 to 50 kg/ha
(10.1 to 20.2 kg/acre)

Suppression only of larvae.
Apply using a spreader suitable for granulars or by hand.
Make a broadcast application on the soil near the base of the seedlings directly after transplanting or 5 to 7 days after seeding, or as soon as seed germinates.
Reapply after heavy rain or watering or as the bait is consumed, or every 4 weeks.
Do not apply more than 3 times per year.
Works better when soil is moist but with little or no standing water.
Do not place bait in piles.
Toxic to bees and certain beneficials.

Verimark

(cyantraniliprole)

Group 28

10 to 15 mL per 100 m of row

N/A

Apply as an in-furrow spray in the transplant water at the time of transplanting.
Do not apply as an in-furrow treatment if Verimark was applied as a transplant tray drench.
Check label for rate conversion table for L/ha rates for different row spacings.
Adjust the pH of the spray tank to approximately 4 to 6 using a commercially available acidifier. See label for directions.
Do not make more than 1 soil application per season.
Do not apply more than 1.7 L/ha (690 mL/ac) per year.
Do not make a subsequent foliar application of a group 28 insecticide for a minimum of 60 days following an in-furrow application of Verimark.
Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for legume vegetables, cereals and grass.
Observe a plantback interval of 1 year for crops not on this label.
Do no re-enter treated area for 12 hours.

Cabbage aphids

These small, soft, gray, winged or wingless sucking insects are found clustered on the new leaves and growing point. If present in high numbers they will cause yellowing, distortion and stunting of the crop. They are a serious contaminant and if not controlled will cause the crop to be unmarketable.

Control

Chemical control of aphids
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Loopex (Autorgrapha californica)	2.5X10¹⁰ to 1X10¹¹ PIBs/400L of water	0	For use in the greenhouse on plants grown for transplanting. Dilute 50 to 200 mL of product in 400 of water. Apply using high volume spray systems targeting small larvae. To be effective, larvae must ingest foliage with deposits of the product. Repeat every 7 to 14 days. The pH of the solution should range between 5 and 8. Loopex (PCP# 31791) is OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using on an organic operation.
Cygon 480/ Lagon 480 E (dimethoate) Group 1B	0.7 to 1.0 L/ha (283 to 405 mL/acre)	Broccoli & Cauli: 7 Br. Sprouts: 21	Not registered on cabbage. Apply as a groundspray using a closed cab. Use sufficient water for good coverage. Repeat using a 7 day interval. Do not make more than 2 applications per season. Toxic to bees. Do not apply when bees are foraging in the treatment area. For broccoli and cauliflower, do not re-enter treated area for 5 days. For Brussels sprouts, do not re-enter treated area for 2 to 5 days. See labels for details.
Dibrom (naled) Group 1B	1.05 L/ha (425 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 300 L/ha (40 to 120 L/acre) of water	4	Apply as a ground spray. Do not apply more than twice per season. To prevent crop injury do not apply in temperatures over 32°C. A closed mixing/loading system is required. Check label for PPE requirements for open-cab ground boom application. Do not handle more than 22.5 L of product per day when for open-cab ground boom application. Do not handle more than 36 L of product per day for closed-cab ground boom application. Toxic to bees. If treatment must be made during the crop blooming period, apply in the evening when most bees are not foraging. Do not enter treated area for 48 hours.
Pyganic (pyrethrins) Group 3 Used in organics	2.32 to 4.65 L/ha (0.9 to 1.9 L/acre)	0	Registered on broccoli only. Do not apply in greenhouses. Final mix should be buffered to pH of 5.5 to 7.0 Apply using a 3 day interval. Do not make more than 10 applications per growing season. Do not apply more than 46.5 L/ha (18.8 L/ac) per growing season. Do not wet plants to the point of run off. Highly toxic to bees. Avoid use when bees are actively foraging. Best applied in early morning or evening. Avoid applications when runoff is likely. Sprayboom height must be 60 cm or less above the crop or ground. Pyganic products are OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Concept (imidacloprid & deltamethrin) Group 3 & 4A	650 mL/ ha (265 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 200 L/ha (40 to 80 L/acre) of water	7	Do not apply more than 1 time per year. Do not apply following a soil application of a Group 4 insecticide. Observe a plant back interval of 9 months for peas and beans and 1 year for all other crops not listed on label. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply during bloom or when bees are actively foraging. Toxic to certain beneficials. Do not re-enter for 12 hours.
Actara 240 SC (thiamethoxam) Group 4	375 mL/ha (152 mL/acre)	N/A	Will provide short residual control. Make an in-furrow application at the seeding or transplant depth or a narrow surface band above the seedline during planting. Apply in sufficient water volume to ensure uniform application and incorporation into the soil. For a surface application, incorporate to the seeding depth with irrigation within 24 hours after planting. Do not follow with any subsequent foliar applications of a group 4 insecticide. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Assail 70 WP (acetamiprid) Group 4	56 to 86 g/ha (23 to 35 g/acre) Apply in at least 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) of water	7	Do not enter treated area for 12 hours following applications. Do not enter treated area for 2 days for scouting activities or 4 days for all other activities. Do not exceed a total of 430 g of product per hectare (174 g/acre) per season. Apply at 7 day intervals. Do not use more than 5 times per season.
Admire 240 F/ Alias 240 SC (imidacloprid) Group 4A	200 mL/ ha (80 mL/acre)	7	Apply as a foliar spray Do not make more than 1 application per crop per season. Do not apply following a soil application such as a field drench or transplant tray plug drench using a Group 4 insecticide. Toxic to bees. Do not apply to flowering crop or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. Toxic to certain beneficials. For Admire, do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours. For Alias, do not re-enter treated area for 24 hours.
Cormoran (acetamiprid & novaluron) Group 4 & 15	650 to 750 mL/ha (265 to 305 mL/acre) Apply in 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) of water	7	Repeat using a 7 day application interval. Do not apply more than 1.68 L/ha (680 mL/acre) per season. Toxic to bees. Do not apply to flowering crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. Toxic to certain beneficial insects. For hand weeding, scouting, tying and training, do not enter treated area for 2 days. For all other activities do not enter for 12 hours.
Closer SC (sulfoxaflor) Group 4C	100 to 150 mL/ha (40 to 60 mL/acre) Apply in at least 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water	3	Do not use in greenhouses. Do not make more than 2 applications per growing season. Repeat at a 7 day interval. Do not apply more than 300 mL/ha (120 mL/acre) per growing season. Do not apply during crop flowering period or when flowering weeds are present in treatment area. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for crops not on this label. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Sivanto Prime (flupyradifurone) Group 4D	500 to 750 mL/ha (200 to 300 mL/acre) Apply in at least 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water	1	Do not use in greenhouses. Repeat at a 7 day interval. Do not exceed a total of 2000 mL/ha (810 mL/acre) of product per season. Do not use in the greenhouse. Toxic to bees. Do not apply if flowering weeds are present and bees are visiting the treatment area. Do not enter treated areas for 12 hours.
Versys (afidopyropen) Group 9D	100 mL/ha (40 mL/acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water	0	Apply as a groundspray. Repeat using a 7 day interval. Do not apply more than 4 times per year. Ensure thorough coverage. Do not apply more than 1.25 L/ha (506 mL/acre) per year. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for crops not listed. Do not re-enter for 12 hours.
Dipel 2X DF Bacillus thuringiensis Used in organics	55 to 550 g/ha (22 to 220 g/acre) Apply in 400 L/ha (162 L/acre) of water	0 Broccoli, Cauliflower, Cabbage	Dipel 2X DF is not registered for use on Brussels sprouts. Different rates area required for listed pests, when using Dipel 2X DF (check label). A spreader sticker is recommended on cabbage for Dipel 2X DF. Most effective when pests are young. Must be eaten by the caterpillars. Dipel 2X DF (PCP# 26508) is OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation.
Bioprotec CAF Bacillus thuringiensis) Group 11	1.4 to 2.8 L/ha (0.6 to 1.1 L/acre) Apply in at least 300 L/ha (121 L/acre) of water	0	Most effective when pests are young. Must be eaten by the caterpillars.
Thuricide-HPC (Bacillus thuringiensis) Group 11 Used in organics	2.0 to 4.25 L/ha (0.8 to 1.7 L/acre) Apply in 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) water.	0	Thuricide products are OMRI-USA listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation.
XenTari WG (Bacillus thuringiensis, subsp. aizawai) Group 11 Used in organics	500 to 1000 g/ha (200 to 400 g/acre) Use 500 L/ha (200 L/acre) of water	0	Treat larvae at the early instar stage. Repeat at 3 to 14 day intervals. Use enough water to ensure full coverage but not to the point of run off. Larvae must be actively feeding on treated, exposed plant surfaces. Apply in the evening or on a cloudy day. Do not allow spray mixture to stand in the tank for more than 12 hours. Xen Tari products are OMRI-USA listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation.
Movento 240 SC (spirotetramat) Group 23	220 to 365 mL/ha (90 to 150 mL/acre) Apply in 300 L/ha (120 L/acre) of water	1	Repeat at 7 day intervals. Maximum allowed per crop season: 730 mL/ha (295 mL/acre). Use with one of the following adjuvants: non-ionic (eg. Agral 90 or Ag-Surf) or methylated seed oil (eg. Hasten). Do not re-enter for 12 hours.
Exirel (cyantraniliprole) Group 28	500 to 1500 mL/ha (200 to 600 mL/acre)	1	Repeat using 5 day intervals. Do not make more than 4 applications per growing season. Do not apply more than 4.5 L/ha (1.8 L/acre) per season. Do not apply for 60 days following a soil treatment application of a group 28 insecticide. Use with an adjuvant such as Hasten NT at a rate of 0.25% v/v or MSO Concentrate with Leci-Tech at a rate of 0.5% v/v. Note: Do not tank-mix or apply in sequence with strobilurin-, copper- or captan-containing fungicides. Toxic to bees and certain beneficial insects. Apply early in the morning or late in the evening when bees are not active. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for legume vegetables, cereals, grass, crop group 1A (inlcuding beets, carrots, radish, parsnip, turnip) and crop group 2 (including beet greens and turnip greens). Observe a plantback interval of 1 year for crops not on this label. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours. Also controls cutworm, loopers, caterpillars and flea beetle. See pest sections on this page.
Beleaf (flonicamid) Group 29	120 to 160 g/ha (50 to 65 g/acre) Apply in 94 L/ha (38 L/acre) of water	0	Repeat at 7 day intervals as needed. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Do not apply more than 480 g/ha (200 g/ac) of product per season. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.

*PHI = Pre-harvest interval.
BUFFERS – Refer to product label for buffer requirements, and consult the Vegetable Production Guide: Pesticide Regulations and Safety (PDF).
PESTICIDE GROUP DETAILS – see the Vegetable Production Guide: Pesticide Toxicity Table (PDF).

OMRI-USA = Organic Materials Review Institute of USA

OMRI-Canada = Organic Materials Review Institute of Canada

Loopers and caterpillars

The most common and damaging species are the imported cabbageworm, diamondback moth, cabbage and alfalfa looper. These pests chew holes in leaves and contaminate heads. Even if damage is light, low levels of caterpillars or loopers in the harvested crop can result in rejection by buyers.

Control

Aphids and caterpillars should be controlled within an overall management and spray program. See IPM section for information on cultural controls and monitoring.

Adequate spray coverage (high pressure and volume) is necessary to obtain good control. Cole crop leaves are very waxy so use a spreader recommended on the pesticide label to improve coverage. Use drop pendant nozzles as directed in the Vegetable Production Guide: Spray Equipment (PDF) for effective control on Brussels sprouts when plants are over 50 cm high.

To deter insects from developing resistance, do not rely on a single insecticide but alternate between the chemical groups listed in the insect management tables. Note that some materials will control only aphids, some only caterpillars and some will control both. Choose products according to which pests are present in the field. Tank-mixes may be necessary. Follow product label guidelines or local experience.

When planning a spray program, pay particular attention to the days to harvest restrictions. If pests need to be controlled close to harvest, products such as Decis or Dibrom should be used.

Note: Days to harvest restrictions are the waiting period necessary between application and harvest to ensure that pesticide residues on the marketed produce are below legal tolerance. These numbers are not equivalent to the length of time a product will provide pest control.

Chemical control of loopers and caterpillars
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Loopex (Autorgrapha californica)	2.5X10¹⁰ to 1X10¹¹ PIBs/400L of water	0	Controls cabbage looper only. For use in the greenhouse on plants grown for transplanting. Dilute 50 to 200 mL of product in 400 of water. Apply using high volume spray systems targeting small larvae. To be effective, larvae must ingest foliage with deposits of the product. Repeat every 7 to 14 days. The pH of the solution should range between 5 and 8. Loopex (PCP# 31791) is OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using on an organic operation.
Lannate (methomyl) Group 1A	270 to 540 g/ha (110 to 220 g/acre) Apply in 250 to 850 L/ha (100 to 345 L/acre of water	Broccoli: 7 Br. Sprouts: 7 Cauliflower: 7 Cabbage: 1	For outdoor use only. Apply as a groundspray. Early morning or late evening sprays are recommended. Do not make more than one application per year. Do not apply after August 15. Toxic to bees. Do not apply to flowering crops if bees are visiting the area. Also harmful to certain beneficial insects. RESTRICTED: can only be used by individuals holding a pesticide applicator's certificate. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Dibrom (naled) Group 1B	Caterpillars: 1.05 L/ha (425 mL/acre) Loopers: 1.05 to 2.1 L/ha (425 to 850 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 300 L/ha (40 to 120 L/acre) of water	4	Apply as a ground spray. Do not apply more than twice per season. To prevent crop injury do not apply in temperatures over 32°C. A closed mixing/loading system is required. Check label for PPE requirements for open-cab ground boom application. Do not handle more than 22.5 L of product per day for open-cab ground boom application. Do not handle more than 36 L of product per day for closed-cab ground boom application. Toxic to bees. If treatment must be made during the crop blooming period, apply in the evening when most bees are not foraging. Do not enter treated area for 48 hours.
Pyganic (pyrethrins) Group 3 Used in organics	2.32 to 4.65 L/ha (0.9 to 1.9 L/acre)	0	Registered on broccoli only. Do not apply in greenhouses. Final mix should be buffered to pH of 5.5 to 7.0 Apply using a 3 day interval. Do not make more than 10 applications per growing season. Do not apply more than 46.5 L/ha (18.8 L/ac) per growing season. Do not wet plants to the point of run off. Highly toxic to bees. Avoid use when bees are actively foraging. Best applied in early morning or evening. Avoid applications when runoff is likely. Sprayboom height must be 60 cm or less above the crop or ground. Pyganic products are OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Pounce 384 EC/ Perm-Up EC (permethrin) Group 3	90 to 180 mL/ha (35 to 75 mL/acre) Apply in 400 to 650 L/ha (160 to 260 L/acre) of water	Broccoli: 7 Br. Sprouts: 3 Cauliflower: 3 Cabbage: 3	Add Agral 90 wetting agent at 300 mL per 1000 L to improve coverage. Repeat using a 7 to 10 day interval. Do not make more than 4 applications per year. Do not make more than 780 mL/ha (316 mL/acre) per season. Observe a plantback interval of 60 days for food and feed crops not listed. Toxic to bees. Avoid spraying when bees are foraging. A vegetative filter strip is required between the field edge and adjacent downhill aquatic habitats. See label for details. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Decis 5 EC (deltamethrin) Group 3	150 to 200 mL/ha (60 to 80 mL/acre) Apply in 350 to 550 L/ha (140 to 220 L/acre) water	Broccoli: 3 Cabbage: 3 Cauliflower: 3 Br. Sprouts: 1	Do not make more than 1 application per year to muck soils. Apply prior to Aug. 1 on muck soils.
Mako (cypermethrin) Group 3	87.5 to 125 mL/ha (35 to 50 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 500 L/ha (40 to 200 L/acre) of water	3	Do not use on muck soils. For caterpillars, use the high rate if larvae are greater than 2 cm in size. Repeat using 14 day intervals. Do not make more than 3 applications per season. Very toxic to bees. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Observe a 30 day plantback interval for crops not listed. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Up-Cyde 2.5 EC (cypermethrin) Group 3	140 mL//ha (60 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 500 L/ha (40 to 200 L/acre) of water	3	Do not use on muck soils. Repeat using 2 week intervals. Do not make more than 3 applications per season. Use with Agral 90 surfactant at 0.03% v/v (300 mL/1000 L of spray mix). Very toxic to bees. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Observe a 30 day plantback interval for crops not listed. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Matador 120 EC/ Silencer 120 EC (lambda-cyhalothrin) Group 3	Caterpillars: 42 mL/ha (17 mL/acre) Loopers: 83 mL/ha (34 mL/acre)	Broccoli, Br. Sprouts & Cauli: 3 Cabbage: 1	Do not apply in the greenhouse. Apply as a ground spray in 100 to 200 L/ha (40 to 80 L/acre) of water. Repeat using a 7 day application interval. Do not make more than 3 applications per year. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Check label for personal protective equipment requirements. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Concept (imidacloprid & deltamethrin) Group 3 & 4A	650 mL/ ha (265 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 200 L/ha (40 to 80 L/acre) of water	7	Do not apply more than 1 time per year. Do not apply following a soil application of a Group 4 insecticide. Observe a plant back interval of 9 months for peas and beans and 1 year for all other crops not listed on label. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply during bloom or when bees are actively foraging. Toxic to certain beneficials. Do not re-enter for 12 hours.
Cormoran (acetamiprid & novaluron) Group 4 & 15	440 to 750 mL/ha (180 to 305 mL/acre) Apply in 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) of water	7	Repeat using a 7 day application interval. Do not apply more than 1.68 L/ha (680 mL/acre) per season. Toxic to bees. Do not apply to flowering crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. Toxic to certain beneficial insects. For hand weeding, scouting, tying and training, do not enter treated area for 2 days. For all other activities do not re-enter for 12 hours.
Delegate WG (spinetoram) Group 5	140 to 200 g/ha (60 to 80 g/acre)	1	Apply at egg hatch or to small larvae. Repeat at 5 day intervals. Maximum of 3 applications per year. Toxic to bees. Avoid spraying when bees are foraging. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Entrust 80 (spinosad) Group 5 Used in organics	109 g/ha (44 g/acre)	3	Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting the area. Harmful to parasitoids and predatory mites. Slightly harmful to foliage-dwelling predators. Entrust products are OMRI-USA listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Do not re-enter treated area for 3 days for hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, topping, thinning or tying activities. For all other activities, do not re-enter treated area until residues have dried.
Entrust SC (spinosad) Group 5 Used in organics	364 mL/ha (147 mL/acre)	3	Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting the area. Harmful to parasitoids and predatory mites. Slightly harmful to foliage-dwelling predators. Entrust SC (PCP# 26508) is OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Do not re-enter treated area for 3 days for hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, topping, thinning or tying activities. For all other activities, do not re-enter treated area until residues have dried.
Success (spinosad) Group 5	182 mL/ha (74 mL/acre)	3	Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting the area. Harmful to parasitoids and predatory mites. Slightly harmful to foliage-dwelling predators. Do not re-enter treated area for 3 days for hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, topping, thinning or tying activities. For all other activities, do not re-enter treated area until residues have dried.
Dipel 2X DF Bacillus thuringiensis Used in organics	55 to 550 g/ha (22 to 220 g/acre) Apply in 400 L/ha (162 L/acre) of water	0 Broccoli, Cauliflower, Cabbage	Not registered for use on Brussels sprouts. Different rates area required for listed pests, when using Dipel 2X DF (check label). A spreader sticker is recommended on cabbage for Dipel 2X DF. Most effective when pests are young. Must be eaten by the caterpillars. Dipel 2X DF (PCP# 26508) is OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation.
Bioprotec CAF Bacillus thuringiensis) Group 11	1.4 to 2.8 L/ha (0.6 to 1.1 L/acre) Apply in at least 300 L/ha (121 L/acre) of water	0	Most effective when pests are young. Must be eaten by the caterpillars.
Thuricide-HPC (Bacillus thuringiensis) Group 11 Used in organics	2.0 to 4.25 L/ha (0.8 to 1.7 L/acre) Apply in 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) water.	0	Thuricide products are OMRI-USA listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation.
XenTari WG (Bacillus thuringiensis, subsp. aizawai) Group 11 Used in organics	500 to 1000 g/ha (200 to 400 g/acre) Use 500 L/ha (200 L/acre) of water	0	Treat larvae at the early instar stage. Repeat at 3 to 14 day intervals. Use enough water to ensure full coverage but not to the point of run off. Larvae must be actively feeding on treated, exposed plant surfaces. Apply in the evening or on a cloudy day. Do not allow spray mixture to stand in the tank for more than 12 hours. Xen Tari products are OMRI-USA listed. Check with your certifcation body before using in an organic operation.
Rimon 10 EC (novaluron) Group 15	410 to 820 mL/ha (165 to 330 mL/acre) Apply in 200 to 400 L/ha (80 to 160 L/acre) of water	2 to 4	Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Maximum of 3 applications per season. Do not apply more than 2460 mL/ha (995 mL/acre) per season. Do not re-enter for 12 hours. May be toxic to bees.
Intrepid (methoxyfenozide) Group 18	300 to 600 mL/ha (120 to 240 mL/acre) Apply in 300 L/ha (120 L/acre) of water	1	Apply at first sign of feeding damage. Repeat at 7 to 14 day intervals. Tank-mix with a nonionic surfactant such as Agral 90 at 0.25% v/v. Do not re-enter for 12 hours.
Coragen (chlorantraniliprole) Group 28	250 mL/ha (100 mL/acre) Apply in 100 L per ha (40 L per acre) of water	3	Do not apply for a minimum of 60 days following an in-furrow or soil application or planting of seed pieces treated with any Group 28 insecticide. For optimum control, apply with a modified seed oil adjuvant (see label.) Repeat at 3 day intervals. Do not make more than 4 applications per season. Do not make more than 2 successive applications per generation of loopers. The following application must be with an effective non-Group 28 insecticide. Do not apply more than 1 L/ha (405 mL/ac) per season. Do not re-enter for 12 hours.
Exirel (cyantraniliprole) Group 28	250 to 500 mL/ha (100 to 200 mL/acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water	1	Repeat using 7 day intervals. Do not make more than 4 applications per growing season. Do not apply more than 4.5 L/ha (1.8 L/acre) per season. Do not apply for 60 days following a soil treatment application of a group 28 insecticide. Use with an adjuvant such as Hasten NT at a rate of 0.25% v/v or MSO Concentrate with Leci-Tech at a rate of 0.5% v/v. Note: Do not tank-mix or apply in sequence with strobilurin-, copper- or captan-containing fungicides. Toxic to bees and certain beneficial insects. Apply early in the morning or late in the evening when bees are not active. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for legume vegetables, cereals, grass, crop group 1A (inlcuding beets, carrots, radish, parsnip, turnip) and crop group 2 (including beet greens and turnip greens). Observe a plantback interval of 1 year for crops not on this label. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Verimark (cyantraniliprole) Group 28	Based on 90 cm row spacing: 750 to 1000 mL/ha (300 to 400 mL/acre) Check label for conversion table for L/ha rate depending on row spacing.	N/A	Apply as an in-furrow spray, in the transplant water at the time of transplanting. Do not make more than 1 soil application per season. Do not apply more than 1.7 L/ha (690 mL/ac) per year. Adjust the pH of the spray tank to approximately 4 to 6 using a commercially available acidifier. See label for directions. Do not make subsequent foliar applications of a group 28 insecticide for 60 days following a soil application. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for legume vegetables, cereals and grass. Observe a plantback interval of 1 year for crops not on this label. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Cimegra (broflanilide) Group 30	125 mL/ha (50 mL/acre) Use sufficient water to ensure thorough coverage	1	Do not use in the greenhouse. Apply as a foliar spray. Use adequate water volume to ensure thorough coverage of foliage. Do not make more than 2 foliar applications per year. Repeat using a 7 day application interval. Toxic to bees. Do not apply during crop blooming period. A vegetative filter strip is required between the field edge and adjacent, downhill aquatic habitats. Check label for details. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for crops not listed on label. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.

OMRI-USA = Organic Materials Review Institute of USA

OMRI-Canada = Organic Materials Review Institute of Canada

Cutworms

Chemical control of cutworms
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Mako (cypermethrin) Group 3	175 mL/ha (70 mL/acre) Apply in 200 to 500 L/ha (80 to 200 L/acre) of water at 175 to 300 kPa	21	Registered for seedlings or transplants. Do not use on muck soils. Controls climbing cutworms or cutworms which surface to feed. Treat when cutworms or signs of feeding appear. Spray under warm, moist conditions and do not disturb the soil surface for 5 days. Do not apply more than one time per season. Toxic to bees. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Observe a 30 day plantback interval for crops not listed. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Up-Cyde 2.5 EC (cypermethrin) Group 3	285 mL/ha (115 mL/acre) Apply in 200 to 500 L/ha (80 to 200 L/acre) of water at 175 to 300 kPa	21	Do not use on muck soils. Controls black, white, darksided, redbacked, army and pale western cutworm. Treat when cutworms or signs of feeding appear. Spray under warm, moist conditions and do not disturb the soil surface for 5 days. Do not apply more than one time per season. Toxic to bees. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Observe a 30 day plantback interval for crops not listed. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Scorpio Ant and Insect Bait (spinosad) Group 5	25 to 50 kg/ha (10.1 to 20.2 kg/acre)	3	Controls black cutworm. Apply using a spreader suitable for granulars or by hand. Scatter the bait on the soil around seedlings. Do not place in piles Repeat after heavy rain or irrigation. Repeat as the bait is consumed or after 4 weeks. Do not apply more than 3 times per season. Works better when soil is moist but with little or no standing water. Toxic to bees and certain beneficials.
Exirel (cyantraniliprole) Group 28	500 to 750 mL/ha (200 to 305 mL/acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water	1	Repeat using a 7 day interval. Do not make more than 4 applications per growing season. Do not apply more than 4.5 L/ha (1.8 L/acre) per season. For early season control, apply when rain is not expected in the next 24 hours. Ensure adequate coverage of lower portions of plant. Use with an adjuvant such as Hasten NT at a rate of 0.25% v/v or MSO Concentrate with Leci-Tech at a rate of 0.5% v/v. Note: Do not tank-mix or apply in sequence with strobilurin-, copper- or captan-containing fungicides. Do not apply for 60 days following a soil treatment application of a group 28 insecticide. Toxic to bees and certain beneficial insects. Apply early in the morning or late in the evening when bees are not active. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for legume vegetables, cereals, grass, crop group 1A (inlcuding beets, carrots, radish, parsnip, turnip) and crop group 2 (including beet greens and turnip greens). Observe a plantback interval of 1 year for crops not on this label. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Coragen (chlorantraniliprole) Group 28	250 mL/ha (100 mL/acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water	3	Do not apply for a minimum of 60 days following an in-furrow or soil application or planting of seed pieces treated with any Group 28 insecticide. Repeat at 3 day intervals. Do not make more than 4 applications per season. Do not make more than 2 successive applications per generation of loopers. The following application must be with an effective non-Group 28 insecticide. Do not apply more than 1 L/ha (405 mL/ac) per season. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.

Flea beetles

These small, active, black or bronze, jumping beetles eat holes in leaves causing shot-holes. They are especially damaging to young plants.

Control

Sprays applied for root maggot, aphid and looper control will usually keep flea beetles in check.

Chemical control of flea beetles
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Concept ( imidacloprid & deltamethrin) Group 3 & 4A	650 mL/ ha (265 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 200 L/ha (40 to 80 L/acre) of water	7	Do not apply more than 1 time per year. Do not apply following a soil application of a Group 4 insecticide. Observe a plant back interval of 9 months for peas and beans and 1 year for all other crops not listed on label. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply during bloom or when bees are actively foraging. Toxic to certain beneficials. Do not re-enter for 12 hours.
Mako (cypermethrin) Group 3	87.5 to 125 mL/ha (35 to 50 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 500 L/ha (40 to 200 L/acre) of water	3	Do not use on muck soils. Use the high rate if larvae are greater than 2 cm in size. Repeat using 14 day intervals. Do not make more than 3 applications per season. Very toxic to bees. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Observe a 30 day plantback interval for crops not listed. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Up-Cyde 2.5 EC (cypermethrin) Group 3	140 mL//ha (60 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 500 L/ha (40 to 200 L/acre) of water	3	Do not use on muck soils. Repeat using 2 week intervals. Do not make more than 3 applications per season. Use with Agral 90 surfactant at 0.03% v/v (300 mL/1000 L of spray mix). Very toxic to bees. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Observe a 30 day plantback interval for crops not listed. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Matador 120 EC/ Silencer 120 EC (lambda-cyhalothrin) Group 3	42 mL/ha (17 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 200 L/ha (40 to 80 L/acre) of water	Broccoli, Br. Sprouts & Cauli: 3 Cabbage: 1	Do not apply in the greenhouse. Repeat using a 7 day application interval. Do not make more than 3 applications per year. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Check label for personal protective equipment requirements. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Actara 240 SC (thiamethoxam) Group 4	375 mL/ha (152 mL/acre)		Early season suppression. Make an in-furrow application at the seeding or transplant depth or a narrow surface band above the seedline during planting. Apply in sufficient water volume to ensure uniform application and incorporation into the soil. For a surface application, incorporate to the seeding depth with irrigation within 24 hours after planting. Do not follow with any subsequent foliar applications of a group 4 insecticide. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Entrust 80 (spinosad) Group 5 Used in organics	109 g/ha (44 g/acre)	3	Suppression only. Make the first application at the emergence of adults. Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting the area. Harmful to parasitoids and predatory mites. Slightly harmful to foliage-dwelling predators. Entrust products are OMRI-USA listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Do not re-enter treated area for 3 days for hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, topping, thinning or tying activities. For all other activities, do not re-enter treated area until residues have dried.
Entrust SC (spinosad) Group 5 Used in organics	364 mL/ha (147 mL/acre)	3	Suppression only. Make the first application at the emergence of adults. Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting the area. Harmful to parasitoids and predatory mites. Slightly harmful to foliage-dwelling predators. Entrust SC (PCP# 26508) is OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Do not re-enter treated area for 3 days for hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, topping, thinning or tying activities. For all other activities, do not re-enter treated area until residues have dried.
Success (spinosad) Group 5	182 mL/ha (74 mL/acre)	3	Suppression only. Make the first application at the emergence of adults. Repeat using 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting treatment area. Harmful to parasitoids and predatory mites. Slightly harmful to foliage-dwelling predators. Do not enter treated area for 3 days for activities such as hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, tipping, thinning or tying. For all other activities do not re-enter treated area until residues have dried.
Exirel (cyantraniliprole) Group 28	500 to 1000 mL/ha (200 to 400 mL/acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water	1	Repeat using 5 day intervals. Do not make more than 4 applications per growing season. Do not apply more than 4.5 L/ha (1.8 L/acre) per season. Do not apply for 60 days following a soil treatment application of a group 28 insecticide. Use with an adjuvant such as Hasten NT at a rate of 0.25% v/v or MSO Concentrate with Leci-Tech at a rate of 0.5% v/v. Note: Do not tank-mix or apply in sequence with strobilurin-, copper- or captan-containing fungicides. Toxic to bees and certain beneficial insects. Apply early in the morning or late in the evening when bees are not active. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for legume vegetables, cereals, grass, crop group 1A (including beets, carrots, radish, parsnip, turnip) and crop group 2 (including beet greens and turnip greens). Observe a plantback interval of 1 year for crops not on this label. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Verimark (cyantraniliprole) Group 28	Based on 90 cm row spacing: 750 to 1000 mL/ha (300 to 400 mL/acre) Check label for L/ha rates depending on row spacings.	N/A	Provides early season damage reduction only. Apply as an in-furrow spray, in the transplant water at the time of transplanting. Do not make more than 1 soil application per season. Do not apply more than 1.7 L/ha (690 mL/ac) per year. Adjust the pH of the spray tank to approximately 4 to 6 using a commercially available acidifier. See label for directions. Do not make subsequent foliar applications of a group 28 insecticide for 60 days following a soil application. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for legume vegetables, cereals and grass. Observe a plantback interval of 1 year for crops not on this label. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Cimegra (broflanilide) Group 30	125 mL/ha (50 mL/acre) Use sufficient water to ensure thorough coverage	1	Do not use in the greenhouse. Apply as a foliar spray. Use adequate water volume to ensure thorough coverage of foliage. Do not make more than 2 foliar applications per year. Repeat using a 7 day application interval. Toxic to bees. Do not apply during crop blooming period. A vegetative filter strip is required between the field edge and adjacent, downhill aquatic habitats. Check label for details. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for crops not listed on label. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.

OMRI-Canada = Organic Materials Review Institute of Canada

Lygus bugs

Please consult the Vegetable Production Guide: Pest Management (PDF, 1.2 MB).

Chemical control of lygus bugs
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Malathion 85E (malathion) Group 1B	880 mL/ha (356 mL/acre) Apply in 1000 L/ha (405 L/acre) of water	3	Do not make more than 1 application per year. Best control is obtained when the temperature is above 20°C. Toxic to birds and bees. Do not apply to flowering crop or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. Do not apply where runoff is likely to occur. Do not apply after expiry date on the container label. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Cormoran (acetamiprid & novaluron) Group 4 & 15	740 mL/ha (300 mL/acre) Apply in 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) of water	7	Repeat using a 7 day application interval. Do not apply more than 1.68 L/ha (680 mL/acre) per season. Toxic to bees. Do not apply to flowering crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. Toxic to certain beneficial insects. For hand weeding, scouting, tying and training, do not enter treated area for 2 days. For all other activities do not enter for 12 hours.

Red turnip beetles

These red and black beetles are a pest in the Interior and Peace River areas. The dark-brown immature larvae eat foliage.

Control

This pest will be controlled if a regular root maggot control program is followed.

Slugs

Slow-moving, soft-bodied, slimy creatures found in various sizes up to 10 cm. They can be a serious problem on Brussels sprouts as the heavy canopy provides them with a cool, moist environment. They feed directly on the forming sprouts causing them to be unmarketable. Damage most often occurs on the field edges. They are most severe in fields which were previously in grass, clover or weeds.

Control

Growers should monitor fields by applying bait stations early in the season prior to plowing. If high numbers of slugs are found, treatments should be applied before plowing or when plants are small and first damage occurs. If slugs are not controlled before early August, they will escape treatment with bait or sprays and serious crop damage will occur.

Apply metaldehyde (Deadline) or apply ferric phosphate (Sluggo Professional, Ferramol and Slug Snail Bait II) to soil surface at label rates. Treatments should be made in the evening to the soil between the rows and the headlands. Avoid direct application to plants.

Lannate is registered to control slugs on Brussels sprouts. Apply at 775g/ha (310g/acre). Apply when plants are small and slugs are first detected. Spray must directly contact slugs so application should be made at night when slugs are up on plants. Apply only once per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not apply after August 15. Toxic to bees. Do not apply to flowering crops if bees are visiting the area. Also harmful to certain beneficial insects. Lannate is a RESTRICTED product and can only be used by individuals holding a pesticide applicator's certificate. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.

Thrips

Thrips are very small (1 mm), slender, yellowish to brown insects which may be either winged or wingless. They rasp and puncture plant tissue and may cause scattered blister-like growths on leaves and heads of cabbage. Thrips often move into cabbage fields after hay is cut. They are worse in hot, dry summers.

Control

Good weed control will minimize thrips populations. Cabbage varieties vary in their tolerance to thrips. Over-mature cabbage is prone to thrips damage - harvesting at the proper maturity will help reduce injury.

Apply Mako or Up-Cyde 2.5 EC at label rates for control of thrips. Do not apply within 3 days of harvest. Do not use on muck soils. Maximum of 3 applications per season.

Begin spraying when cabbage leaves cup prior to heading or when thrips appear. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides listed in the caterpillar control table will also control thrips.

Chemical control of thrips
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Lagon 480 E (dimethoate) Group 1B	550 to 1250 mL/ha (220 to 505 mL/acre) Apply in 200 to 300 L/ha (80 to 120 L/acre) of water.	Broccoli & Cauli: 7	Not registered for this pest on Brussels sprouts or cabbage. Apply as a groundspray using a closed cab. Use sufficient water for good coverage. Apply starting at head formation. Repeat using a 7 day interval. Do not make more than 2 applications per season. Toxic to bees. Do not apply when bees are foraging in the treatment area. Do not re-enter treated area for 5 days.
Mako (cypermethrin) Group 3	87.5 to 125 mL/ha (35 to 50 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 500 L/ha (40 to 200 L/acre) of water	3	Do not use on muck soils. Use at the higher rate if larvae are greater than 2 cm in size. Repeat using 14 day intervals. Do not make more than 3 applications per season. Very toxic to bees. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Observe a 30 day plantback interval for crops not listed. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours. Also controls flea beetle, cutworm, loopers and caterpillars. See pest sections on this page for details.
Up-Cyde 2.5 EC (cypermethrin) Group 3	200 mL//ha (80 mL/acre) Apply in 100 to 500 L/ha (40 to 200 L/acre) of water	3	Do not use on muck soils. Repeat using 2 week intervals. Do not make more than 3 applications per season. Use with Agral 90 surfactant at 0.03% v/v (300 mL/1000 L of spray mix). Very toxic to bees. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Observe a 30 day plantback interval for crops not listed. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours. Also controls flea beetle, cutworm, loopers and caterpillars. See pest sections on this page for details.
Matador 120 EC/ Silencer 120 EC (lambda-cyhalothrin) Group 3	188 mL//ha (76 mL/acre) Apply in 500 L/ha (200 L/acre) of water	Broccoli, Br. Sprouts & Cauli: 3 Cabbage: 1	Controls onion thrips. Do not apply in the greenhouse. Repeat using a 7 day application interval. Do not make more than 3 applications per year. If the field slopes downward to water, construct and maintain a vegetative filter strip. Check label for details. Check label for personal protective equipment requirements. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Delegate WG (spinetoram) Group 5	200 to 336 g/ha (80 to 136 g/acre) Apply in 300 to 500 L/ha (120 to 200 L/acre) of water	1	Suppression only. Repeat at 7 day intervals. Maximum of 3 applications per year. Toxic to bees. Avoid spraying when bees are foraging. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Entrust 80 (spinosad) Group 5 Used in organics	87.5 g/ha (35.4 g/acre) Apply in 300 to 500 L/ha (120 to 200 L/acre) of water	3	Suppression only. Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting the area. Harmful to parasitoids and predatory mites. Slightly harmful to foliage-dwelling predators. Entrust products are OMRI-USA listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Do not re-enter treated area for 3 days for hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, topping, thinning or tying activities. For all other activities, do not re-enter treated area until residues have dried.
Entrust SC (spinosad) Group 5 Used in organics	292 mL/ha (118 mL/acre) Apply in 300 to 500 L/ha (120 to 200 L/acre) of water	3	Suppression only. Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting the area. Harmful to parasitoids and predatory mites. Slightly harmful to foliage-dwelling predators. Entrust SC (PCP# 26508) is OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Do not re-enter treated area for 3 days for hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, topping, thinning or tying activities. For all other activities, do not re-enter treated area until residues have dried.
Success (spinosad) Group 5	146 mL/ha (59 mL/acre) Apply in 300 to 500 L/ha (120 to 200 L/acre) of water	3	Suppression only. Repeat using 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Highly toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting treatment area. Harmful to parasitoids and predatory mites. Slightly harmful to foliage-dwelling predators. Do not enter treated area for 3 days for activities such as hand harvesting, irrigating, pruning, tipping, thinning or tying. For all other activities do not re-enter treated area until residues have dried.

OMRI-Canada = Organic Materials Review Institute of Canada

Cole crop disease management

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Alternaria leaf spot

Small to large black spots appear on leaves. They may lead to discoloration and decay of cauliflower and cabbage heads and spotting on Brussels sprouts under very wet conditions.

Control

Incorporate diseased crop refuse promptly at end of season or rotate fields to avoid carryover.
Bravo is recommended for Brussels sprouts and for late cabbage being grown for winter storage. Do not apply Bravo on cabbage within 7 days of harvest.
Hot-water seed treatment is recommended to reduce seed-borne disease.

Chemical control of Alternaria leaf spot
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Copper 53W (tri-basic copper sulphate) Group M	4.0 kg/ha (1.6 kg/acre) Apply in 1000 L/ha (405 L/acre) of water	2	Also registered for bacterial leaf spot (pseudomonas spp.) on Brussels Sprouts. Brussels Sprouts: Apply no more than 2 times per season. Repeat at a 14 day interval. Do not re-enter treated area for 48 hours.
Bravo 720 (chlorothalonil) Group M5	1.7 to 3.3 L/ha (0.7 to 1.3 L/acre)	7	A closed transfer system must be used when mixing and loading. Check the label for PPE requirements while mixing and handling. A vegetative buffer strip is required between the field edge and adjacent, downhill aquatic habitats. Check label for details. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower: Do not apply more than once per year. Do not re-enter treated area for 5 days for topping (BS) and scouting; and for 12 hours for all other activities. Cabbage: Repeat using a 7 to 10 day interval. Do not apply more than 2 times per year. Do not re-enter treated area for 2 days for scouting and thinning; 1 day for hand weeding; and for 12 hours for all other activities.
Bravo ZN (chlorothalonil) Group M5	2.5 to 4.8 L/ha (1.0 to 1.9 L/acre)	7	A closed transfer system must be used when mixing and loading Bravo ZN. When using Bravo ZNC, mixers and loaders cannot handle more than 680 L of product per day. Check the labels for PPE requirements while mixing and handling. A vegetative buffer strip is required between the field edge and adjacent, downhill aquatic habitats. Check label for details. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower: Do not apply more than once per year. Do not re-enter treated area for 5 days for topping (BS) and scouting; and for 12 hours for all other activities. Cabbage: Repeat using a 7 to 10 day interval. Do not apply more than 2 times per year. Do not re-enter treated area for 2 days for scouting and thinning; 1 day for hand weeding; and for 12 hours for all other activities.
Bravo ZNC (chlorothalonil) Group M5	2.5 to 4.8 L/ha (1.0 to 1.9 L/acre)	7
Echo 720 (chlorothalonil) Group M5	1.7 to 3.3 L/ha (700 to 1300 mL/acre)	7	If handling more than 340 kg a.i. in one day, mixers and loaders must use a closed system. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower: Do not apply more than once per year. Do not apply within 10 days before or after an oil application. Do not re-enter treated area for 5 days for topping (BS) and scouting; and for 12 hours for all other activities. Cabbage: Repeat using a 7 to 10 interval. Do not apply more than 2 times per year. Do not apply within 10 days before or after an oil application. Do not re-enter treated area for 2 days for scouting and thinning; and for 12 hours for all other activities.
Inspire (difenoconazole) Group 3	364-512 mL/ha (147 to 207 mL/acre) Apply in at least 150 L/ha (60 L/acre) of water	3	Do not apply more than 2.04 L/ha ( 825 mL/acre) per crop per season. Repeat at a 10 day interval. Do not apply more than 2 sequential treatments without switching to a fungicide with another mode of action. Observe a plantback interval of 60 days for crops not on label. May be tankmixed with Revus or Bravo 720 or Matador 120EC for labeled pests. Follow the most restrictive directions including rate, PHI, maximum applications and re-entry interval. Do not enter treated area for 3 days for hand harvesting, 1 day for scouting, and for all other activities 12 hours.
Quadris Top (azoxystrobin/ difenoconazole) Group 11 & 3	710 to 1000 mL/ha (290 to 400 mL/acre) Apply in150 L/ha (60 L/acre) of water.	3	Repeat at 10 to 14 day intervals Do not apply more than 4 times per year. Do not re-enter treated areas for hand-harvesting for 3 days, or for scouting for 1 day. For all other activities do not re-enter for 12 hours. Observe a plant back interval of 60 days for crops not listed on this label or the Inspire label.
Miravis Duo (pydiflumetofen & difenoconazole) Group 7 & 3	0.728 to 1.0 L/ha (295 to 405 mL/ac) Apply in 150 L/ha (60 L/ac) of water	5	Controls Alternaria leaf blight. Do no use in the greenhouse. Repeat using a 7 to 10 day interval. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications before switching to a non-Group 7 & 3 fungicide. Do not apply more than 3.0 L/ha (1.2 L/ac) per season. See label for details on plantback interval. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Sercadis (fluxapyroxad) Group 7	250 to 333 mL/ha (101 to 135 mL/acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water	3	Suppression only. Repeat at 7 to 14 day intervals. Do not make more than 3 applications per season. Do not apply more than 1.0 L/ha (405 mL/acre) per season No more than 2 consecutive applications before alternating with a fungicide with a different mode of action. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours. For crops not listed, observe a plant back interval of 1 year.
Quadris F (azoxystrobin) Group 11	1.12 L/ha (450 mL/acre) Apply in 95 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water.	1	Registered on cabbage only. Suppression only. Repeat using a 7 to 14 day application interval. Do not make more than 3 applications per season. Do not apply more than 3.36 L/ha (1.36 L/acre) per season. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Switch 62.5 WG (cyprodinil & fludioxonil) Group 9 & 12	775 to 975 g/ha (310 to 390 g/acre) Apply in at least 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) of water	7	Suppression only. Registered on cabbage only. Apply at first appearance of disease and continue on 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Switch or other fungicides in the same group (9 or 12) in a season. Do not apply more than 2.9 kg of product/ha/year. Do not apply more than 3 times per year. Observe a 30 day plantback interval for crops not listed. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.

Bacterial leaf spot

(Pseudomonas)

Tiny, brown to purplish spots appear on the outer leaves of Brussels sprouts, broccoli and cauliflower. Yellow halos appear around the spots and they eventually grow together to form light brown papery areas.

Control

Use hot-water-treated seed.
Avoid sprinkler irrigation.
Shred and turn under diseased crop refuse promptly after harvest.
Do not replant cole crops in the same field the following year.
Tri-basic copper sulphate used for control of downy mildew will also give some control of bacterial leaf-spot.

Bacterial soft rot

(Erwinia, Pseudomonas)

This bacterium causes small, water-soaked areas on broccoli florets and on cabbage in storage. As these areas rapidly increase in size, the tissue becomes soft and mushy with an offensive odour. Boron and calcium deficiencies and frost damage may be contributing factors.

Control

Keep injuries to plant parts to a minimum.
Over-fertilization with nitrogen may result in heavy growth and more rot.
Overhead irrigation may encourage infection.
Broccoli varieties such as Arcadia which form tall, dome shaped heads are usually less susceptible.
Avoid using wetting agents on broccoli late in the season as the water-repellent bloom may be damaged.
Application of copper through the heading period as for downy mildew may provide some control.
For cabbage, clean and disinfect storage walls and floors as directed in the Vegetable Production Guide: Planting (PDF). Keep storage house dry and the temperature below 4°C.
Eliminate crop residues and cull piles by discing deep or burning.

Boron deficiency

Boron deficiency causes browning of stem pith, excess leaf-curling and, sometimes, a failure to head. Cauliflower shows brown curd and broccoli shows corky scars on stalks.

Control

Soil should be tested for boron and if necessary it should be added to the main fertilizer mix.

If symptoms of boron deficiency appear in the planted crop, spray the foliage with Solubor at 500 to 1,000 g/ha (200 to 400 g/acre) in at least 1,000 L/ha (400 L/acre) of water. One or two foliar applications of boron are good insurance in case the soil boron is not available to the crop.

Note: In the Interior, fields to which boron has been applied should not normally be planted to beans or cucumbers the following year, as both these crops are extremely sensitive to boron. Check out the Vegetable Production Guide: Nutrient Management (PDF) for more information.

Clubroot

Clubroot is a soil-borne fungus which causes large, irregular swellings on roots and yellow and stunted plants. The fungus can survive in soil for years following an infected crop and may be spread by infected seedlings, contaminated manure, drainage water, farm implements, wind-borne soil and on the feet of animals and people.

Control

Plant in soil known to be free of clubroot.
For transplant production, ensure that the seed-bed is free of clubroot or thoroughly fumigated before seeding. The seed-bed may be treated with Basamid or Vapam prior to seeding, but clubroot infested land should still be avoided as the fumigants may not be 100% effective. Review the Vegetable Production Guide: Planting (PDF) for method of application. Lime (as discussed in point 5) should not be used in the seed-bed for clubroot control as it will only mask symptoms and result in clubroot spread to the field.
In the field, plant in well-drained soils.
Where clubroot is known to occur, rotate with crops other than cole crops at least three out of every four years.
At least 6 weeks prior to planting in light, sandy soils, thoroughly disc in enough lime to increase the soil pH to 7.0. An application of at least 11 tonnes/ha (4.5 tonnes/acre) of ground limestone is required to raise the pH of an “Abbotsford Airport” soil type from pH 6.0 to 7.0. Hydrated lime may be used but high rates may “burn out” the organic matter in the soil. Finely ground limestone is preferred. Lime is not as effective on muck soils or soils with a high clay content. A high pH may also cause scab problems in following crops such as beets and potatoes.
On organic (muck) soils, a side-dressing of calcium nitrate at 90 kg N/ha, 3 weeks after transplanting has reduced clubroot significantly in preliminary research trials.

Note: Application of additional boron and other minor elements (Zn, Mn) may be necessary on heavily limed soils. Soil applied boron may damage following crops of beans and cucumbers particularly in dry interior regions.

Chemical control of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae)
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Allegro 500F (fluazinam) Group 29	Transplant Treatment: 50 mL	65	Apply 100 mL of solution per plant immediately after transplanting. Do not follow with a pre-transplant treatment. Apply in 100L of water. Plant-back Interval (PBI): Areas treated can be planted to potatoes as soon as practical. For other root crops & leafy vegetables, the PBI is 30 days. For all other crops, PBI is 70 days. Do not enter treated area for 24 hours.
Allegro 500F Group 29	Pre-Transplant Treatment: 2.9 L/ha (1.2 L/acre) Apply in 500 L/ha (200 L/acre) of water	65	Apply in a minimum band of 25 cm along the planting row and incorporate to a depth of 15 to 20 cm with a precision incorporator in the same operation. Transplant the seedlings into the treated band. If planting to a bed, a broadcast application could be made prior to forming the bed. Do not follow with a transplant treatment. Plant-back Interval (PBI): Areas treated can be planted to potatoes as soon as practical. For other root crops & leafy vegetables, the PBI is 30 days. For all other crops, PBI is 70 days. Do not enter treated area for 24 hours

Downy mildew

(Hyaloperonospora)

Shows as a white, fuzzy fungus in patches on leaves, stems, and heads. It may cause browning and black streaking in stems, and black spotting on heads of broccoli and cauliflower. Moderate temperatures of 15°C and high humidity or wet conditions favour this disease.

Control

Avoid thick or heavy seedings, excessive nitrogen fertilizer and over-watering.
Use tolerant varieties such as Emerald City broccoli when available.
In the seed-bed, spray seedlings at germination and repeat twice weekly until transplanted, with one of the products in the table below.
In the field, when wet weather conditions favor disease development, apply one of the products in the control table on this page..
Plow in crop remains as soon as harvest is complete. Obtain good soil coverage of plowed refuse to ensure early breakdown of crop remains.

Chemical control of downy mildew
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Serenade Opti (Bacillus subtilis) Used in organics	1.7 to 3.3 kg/ha (690 to 1300 g/acre)	0	Suppression only. Make first application immediately at emergence or immediately following transplanting. Repeat using a 10 to 14 day interval. Serenade Opti (PCP# 31666) are OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation.
Oxidate 2.0 (hydrogen peroxide & peroxyacetic acid) Used in organics	Dilute 1.0 L product in 100 L water (1.0% v:v)	0	Suppression only. Use a non-ionic surfactant at 0.10% to 0.125% v/v (0.1 L to 0.125 L per 100 L of spray solution). Repeat using a 7 day application interval. Good coverage is required. Do not apply more than 8 times per season. Do not apply more than 93.5 L/ha (37.8 L/acre) per application. Toxic to bees. Do not apply if bees are visiting the treatment area. Toxic to certain beneficial insects. Oxidate 2.0 (PCP# 32907) is OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Do not re-enter treated area for 4 hours or until sprays have dried.
Copper 53W (tri-basic copper sulphate) Group M5	4.0 kg/ha (1.6 kg/acre) Apply in 1000 L/ha (405 L/acre) of water	2	Also registered for bacterial leaf spot (pseudomonas spp.) on Brussels Sprouts. Do not re-enter treated area for 48 hours. For cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower: Do not apply more than 5 times per year. Repeat using a 7 day interval. For Brussels Sprouts: Apply no more than 2 times per season. Repeat at a 14 day interval.
Bravo 720 (chlorothalonil) Group M5	1.7 to 3.3 L/ha (0.7 to 1.3 L/acre)	7	A closed transfer system must be used when mixing and loading. Check the label for PPE requirements while mixing and handling. A vegetative buffer strip is required between the field edge and adjacent, downhill aquatic habitats. Check label for details. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower: Do not apply more than once per year. Do not re-enter treated area for 5 days for topping (BS) and scouting; and for 12 hours for all other activities. Cabbage: Repeat using a 7 to 10 day interval. Do not apply more than 2 times per year. Do not re-enter treated area for 2 days for scouting and thinning; 1 day for hand weeding; and for 12 hours for all other activities.
Bravo ZN (chlorothalonil) Group M5	2.5 to 4.8 L/ha (1.0 to 1.9 L/acre)	7	A closed transfer system must be used when mixing and loading Bravo ZN. When using Bravo ZNC, mixers and loaders cannot handle more than 680 L of product per day. Check the labels for PPE requirements while mixing and handling. A vegetative buffer strip is required between the field edge and adjacent, downhill aquatic habitats. Check label for details. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower: Do not apply more than once per year. Do not re-enter treated area for 5 days for topping (BS) and scouting; and for 12 hours for all other activities. Cabbage: Repeat using a 7 to 10 day interval. Do not apply more than 2 times per year. Do not re-enter treated area for 2 days for scouting and thinning; 1 day for hand weeding; and for 12 hours for all other activities.
Bravo ZNC (chlorothalonil) Group M5	2.5 to 4.8 L/ha (1.0 to 1.9 L/acre)	7
Echo 720 (chlorothalonil) Group M5	1.7 to 3.3 L/ha (700 to 1300 mL/acre)	7	If handling more than 340 kg a.i. in one day, mixers and loaders must use a closed system. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower: Do not apply more than once per year. Do not apply within 10 days before or after an oil application. Do not re-enter treated area for 5 days for topping (BS) and scouting; and for 12 hours for all other activities. Cabbage: Repeat using a 7 to 10 interval. Do not apply more than 2 times per year. Do not apply within 10 days before or after an oil application. Do not re-enter treated area for 2 days for scouting and thinning; and for 12 hours for all other activities.
Pristine WG (boscalid & pyraclostrobin) Group 7 & 11	1.0 kg/ha (400 g/acre)	4	Suppression only. Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Maximum of 4 applications per season Do not re-enter until residues have dried.
Reason 500 SC (fenamindone) Group 11	400 to 600 mL/ha (160 to 240 mL/acre) Apply in 150 to 250 L/ha (60 to 100 L/acre) of water	2	Suppression only. Repeat at 5 to 10 day intervals. Maximum 3 applications per season. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for all crops. Do not enter treated area for 48 hours.
Torrent (cyazofamid) Group 21	0.2 L/ha (80 mL /acre) Apply in 300 to 500 L/ha (120 to 200 L/acre) of water	1	Suppression only. Repeat as a foliar broadcast at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 5 times per crop per year. Tankmix with a non-ionic or organosilicone surfactant such as Sylgard 309 at a the rate of 0.15 L/ha (60 mL/acre). Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Aliette WDG (fosetyl-aluminum) Group 33	2.25 to 3.12 kg/ha (0.9 to 1.25 kg/acre)	7	Maximum of 5 applications per crop season. Do not use within one week of a copper application and do not tank mix with copper compounds. May cause phytotoxicity when mixed with adjuvants which enhance pesticide penetration. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Phostrol (mono- and dibasic sodium, potassium, and ammonium phosphites) Group 33	2.9 to 5.8 L/ha (1.2 to 2.3 L/acre) Apply in 225 L/ha (90 L/acre) of water.	0	Suppression only. Repeat at 7 to 21 day intervals. Do not make more than 4 applications per season. Do no re-enter treated area for 12 hours.
Rampart (mono- and dipotassium salts of phosphorous acid) Group 33	3 to 7 L/ha (1.2 to 2.8 L/acre) Apply in 300 to 500 L/ha (120 to 200 L/acre) of water.	1	Suppression only. Repeat at 1 to 3 week intervals. For brassicas with one crop cycle per season, do no make more than 8 applications. For brassicas with multiple crop cycles per season, do not make more than 3 applications per crop cycle; and do not make more than 12 applications per season. Do not apply to plants that are dormant or heat stressed. Do not apply to plants treated with copper-based compounds at less than 20 day intervals. Do not apply when conditions favour wet tissue for periods longer than 4 hours. Do not re-enter treated area for 4 hours.
Confine Extra (mono- and di-potassium salts of phosphorous acid) Group 33	3 to 6 L/ha (1.2 to 2.4 L /acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water.	1	Suppression only. Repeat using a 7 to 21 day interval. Do not make more than 6 applications per growing season. Tankmixing with pesticide products containing a metal base and/or micronutrients may not be compatible and could potentially cause plant injury. See label for details.
Revus (mandipropamid) Group 40	400 to 600 mL/ha (160 to 240 mL/acre ) Apply in 100 L/ha (40L/acre) of water	1	Do not apply to greenhouse-grown seedlings to be transplanted in the field, until after they have been transplanted out. Use a non-ionic adjuvant (0.25% v/v). Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not apply more than 4 times per year. Do not apply more than 2.4 L/ha (970 mL/ac) per season. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications of Revus before alternating with a non-Group 40 fungicide. The number of Group 40 fungicide applications must not be greater than 50% of the total number of intended applications for disease control. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Forum (dimethomorph) Group 40	450 mL/ha (180 mL/acre) Apply in 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) of water.	7	Suppression only. Apply as a tank mix with a non-group 40 fungicide that is registered for downy mildew. Observe most restrictive directions including rate, PHI and re-entry interval. Do not apply more than 5 times per season. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to another non-group 40 fungicide for at least 1 application. Do not handle more than 81 L of Forum per day. Do not re-enter for 12 hours.
Zampro (ametoctradin & dimethomorph) Group 40 & 45	0.8 to 1.0 L/ha (300 to 400 mL /acre) Apply in 200 L/ha (80 L/acre) of water.	0	Repeat at 7 day intervals. Do not apply more than 3 times per season. Use a spreading/penetrating adjuvant at the rate of 0.125% v/v. Do not use non-ionic surfactants such as Agral 90 or Induce. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for all crops not on the label.
Presidio (fluopicolide) Group 43	292 mL/ha (118 mL/acre) Apply in 200 to 1000 L/ha (80 to 400 L/acre) of water	2	Apply as a foliar spray. Tank-mix with a non-group 43 fungicide that is registered for downy mildew. Observe most restrictive directions including rate, PHI and re-entry interval. Begin applications at initial flowering and repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Do not make more than 4 applications per season. Do not apply more than 880 mL/ha (356 mL/acre) per season. Apply no more than 2 sequential applications before alternating with an effective non-group 43 fungicide. Do not use in the greenhouse. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Orondis Ultra (oxathiapiprolin & mandipropamid) Group 49 & 40	0.6 L/ha (240 mL/acre) Apply in 100 L/ha (40 L/acre) of water.	1	Apply with a non-ionic surfactant. Repeat using a 7 to 10 day interval. Do not make more than 4 applications per crop. Do not follow transplant applications of Orondis Ultra with foliar applications of oxathiapiprolin-containing fungicides. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications before switching to a non-Group 49 & 40 fungicide. When 3 or more fungicide applications are made, do not use in more than 33% of the applications. Where a total number of applications is less than 3, make no more than one application of Orondis Ultra. Observe a plantback interval of 30 days for tuberous and corm vegetables (Subgroup 1C) and other crops not listed. Observe a PBI of 180 days for legume vegetables, except succulent peas. Do not re-enter treated area for 12 hours.

OMRI-Canada = Organic Materials Review Institute of Canada

White mould

(Sclerotinia)

This fungus disease can cause losses to Brussels sprouts, particularly when wet conditions occur in August. First symptoms are a water-soaking of the leaf tips followed by the appearance of a white, cottony mould. The fungus grows down the leaf petioles and attacks the sprouts causing rot. In severe situations the stalk may be affected causing the plant to collapse.

Control

Rotate with corn, cereals, forages, onions or potatoes. Avoid fields with a history of the disease.
Varieties differ in susceptibility. Lunet and Vancouver have some tolerance.

Chemical control of white mould
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Serenade Opti (Bacillus subtilis) Used in organics	1.7 to 3.3 kg/ha (690 to 1300 g/acre)	0	Suppression only. Make the first application at emergence, or immediately following transplanting. Repeat using a 10 to 14 day interval. Serenade Opti (PCP# 31666) are OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation.

OMRI-Canada = Organic Materials Review Institute of Canada

Wirestem

Seedling stems are discoloured and constricted, finally becoming hard and brittle. Plants are stunted and may fall over and die.

Control

Measures used to avoid downy mildew in the seed-bed will help to prevent wirestem.
When transplanting from a seed-bed, discard all seedlings exhibiting a dark, constricted area near the base of the stem.

Root rot

RootShield WP (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain KRL-AG2) is a biological fungicide for the suppression of Root Rot in greenhouse vegetable transplants. When applied to transplants, greenhouse planting mix or soil, the product grows into plant roots as they develop to protect roots against Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium.

Suppression

Suspend RootShield WP using a spray volume of 30 to 45 g/100 L and apply at the rate of 55 to 110 g per cubic metre (loose) of greenhouse potting mix, soil or planting beds.
Apply using hand-held backpack or ground spray equipment.
Becomes active when soil temperatures are above 10 degrees C and is not effective while soils remain cold.
More effective at suppression of root rot in neutral or acidic soils.
Should be used within 12 months of the date of manufacture.
Contains the allergens wheat and sulfites.

RootShield WP is used in organics. It is OMRI-USA listed. OMRI-USA = Organic Materials Review Institute of USA. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation.

Chemical control of Pythium root rot (Pythium spp.)
Product	Rate	PHI*	Comments
Torrent (cyazofamid) Group 21	30 mL/100L water	60	Registered on greenhouse brassica leafy vegetable (Crop Group 5) transplants for field production. Also controls Pythium damping-off. Apply once in the greenhouse as a soil drench to thoroughly wet the growing medium immediately after seeding. Do not use a surfactant. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.
Serenade Soil (QST 713 strain of dried Bacillus subtilis) Used in organics.	2.7 to 14 L/ha (1.1 to 5.7 L/acre)	0	Suppression only. Also suppresses Rhizoctonia damping-off. May be applied as a surface application to direct-seeded crop or as a tranplant drench. Serenade Soil (PCP# 30647) is OMRI-Canada listed. Check with your certification body before using in an organic operation. Transplant drench: Apply as a drench at the time of transplanting. Apply at a rate to thoroughly soak the growing media through the root zone or asa drench or directed spray using sufficient water to soak the root zone. Surface Application: Apply as a 15 cm band over the top of the seed row as a broadcast spray after planting. Ensure incorporation into the seed zone within 24 hours of application via rainfall or overhead irrigation. Post-plant applications: Additional applications may be made to the soil as a drench or spray directed towards the base of the plant. Irrigate to move material into the seed, root or transplant zone within 24 hours. Repeat at 21 to 28 day intervals.
Aliette WDG (fosetyl-aluminum) Group 33	20 to 30 g product per 100 m² in 20 L water per 100 m²	7	Registered on greenhouse - grown transplants. Controls only damping off caused by Pythium spp. Apply as a drench. Make first application during the propagation stage. For control of late damping off, repeat 7 days prior to transplanting. Do not use within one week of a copper application. Do not enter treated area for 12 hours.

OMRI-Canada = Organic Materials Review Institute of Canada

Control

Lime to maintain soil pH over 6.0.
Do not promote excessive growth by over fertilization with nitrogen.
Avoid moisture stress while sprouts are sizing.
Harvest before sprouts are over mature and/or oversize.

Premature head formation

(Buttoning of cauliflower, bolting of broccoli)

Small heads are formed before plants have enough leaf area to support the development of marketable size heads. Premature head formation usually occurs when transplants are exposed to stress after being set in the field. Early varieties are most susceptible.

Control

Do everything possible to ensure rapid crop establishment and growth after transplanting.

Do not use old, oversize or overly hardened transplants.
Ensure soil fertility is adequate at planting time. Use a high phosphorus starter solution in cold, wet weather.
Transplants set before May 1 are most prone to buttoning or bolting. Plant the early crop in well-drained fields. Block or plug transplants are recommended for the early crop as they establish faster.
In hot, dry weather irrigate both before and after transplanting.

Cabbage splitting

Mature heads may split if rain or a heavy irrigation follows a prolonged dry spell. Splitting results when the outer frame of the head has difficulty in accommodating the rapid internal growth due to the increased moisture. Early varieties split if not harvested on time.

Control

Splitting may be reduced by “checking” the plant growth through deep cultivation between the rows to break some of the roots. Adequate soil moisture at all stages of the plant’s development will also help reduce splitting by maintaining steady growth.

Oedema

Under certain conditions, usually in the fall, cabbage left standing in the field following wet weather or over-irrigation will develop clusters of white to brown, puffy eruptions on the outer surface of leaves near the outside of the head. This is due to water being trapped between the leaves for a prolonged period of time. When severe, several outer leaves may have to be stripped off before the head is marketable. Feeding by thrips may aggravate the condition.

Control

Harvesting prior to the onset of fall rains and cool night temperatures which favour condensation of water vapour between the leaves will usually prevent this disorder. There are also differences in varietal susceptibility. Control of thrips may lessen but will not prevent oedema.

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More topics

Cole Crops

Growing cole crops

Broccoli

Fresh market

Process market

Brussels sprouts

Fresh market

Early

Mid

Mid/Late

Process market

Cabbage

Green

Early

Mid-season

Late (storage)

Red

Savoy

Cauliflower

Fresh market

Early

Mid-season

Late

Process market

Overwintering

Greenhouse

Seed-beds

Fields

Broccoli

Cauliflower

Brussels sprouts

Varieties

Soils

Protection

Seeding and transplanting

Fertilizers

Weed, insect and disease control

Cole crop weed management

Bonanza 480

Goal 2XL

Devrinol 50-DF

Devrinol 2-XT

Authority 480

Prowl H2O

Chateau

Devrinol 50-DF

Devrinol 2-XT

Dual II Magnum

Frontier Max

Venture L

Poast Ultra

Excel Super

Lontrel XC

Aim EC

Cole crop insect management

Control

Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower - greenhouse transplants

Transplant drench

Scorpio Ant and Insect Bait

Verimark

Cabbage aphids

Control

Loopex

Cygon 480/ Lagon 480 E

Dibrom

Pyganic

Concept

Actara 240 SC

Assail 70 WP

Admire 240 F/ Alias 240 SC

Cormoran

Closer SC

Sivanto Prime

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Dipel 2X DF

Bioprotec CAF

Thuricide-HPC

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Movento 240 SC

Prowl H₂O